5^th International Conference on Plant Science & Physiology February 17-18, 2020 Osaka, Japan

The agronomic application of nanotechnology in plants (phytonanotechnology) has the potential to alter conventional plant production systems, allowing for the controlled release of agrochemicals (e.g., fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides) and target-specific delivery of biomolecules (e.g., nucleotides, proteins, and activators). An improved understanding of the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and plant responses, including their uptake, localization, and activity, could revolutionize crop production through increased disease resistance, nutrient utilization, and crop yield. Herewith, we review potential applications of phytonanotechnology and the key processes involved in the delivery of NPs to plants. To ensure both the safe use and social acceptance of phytonanotechnology, the adverse effects, including the risks associated with the transfer of NPs through the food chain, are discussed.

Plant tissue culture involves excising plant tissues and growing them on nutrient media. It is used rather broadly to include several variations, such as meristem culture for propagation of virus-free plants, protoplast culture, cell suspension culture, tissue and organ culture, and anther or pollen culture for producing haploid plants. It is a valuable tool for research on morphogenesis, cell signaling, physiology, and molecular biology, as well as crop improvement by biotechnology.

Plant Science ranges from creating atomic systems for the hereditary building to biological research in the field of plant science. At last the common items needs to add to principal learning of fundamental natural procedures identified with improvement and wellbeing and the manageable creation of more solid sustenance’s, blossoms and high-esteem bio-based items.

Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management activities seek to increase agricultural productivity through adoption of practices that maintain the long term ecological and biological integrity of natural resources. Activities in this sub-sector cut across the rural, social, and environmental issues of natural resource management to sustain significant increases in farm productivity through the efficient use of land and other resources. The goal is to provide better economic returns to individuals and contribute to the quality of life and economic development.

Agricultural machinery is machinery used in farming or other agriculture. There are many types of such equipment, from hand tools and power tools to tractors and the countless kinds of farm implements that they tow or operate. Diverse arrays of equipment are used in both organic and nonorganic farming. Especially since the advent of mechanised agriculture, agricultural machinery is an indispensable part of how the world is fed.

Hybrid varieties result from a targeted cross of two different pure breeding lines with the progeny surpassing the parental lines in terms of yield. As the next generation would genetically segregate, seed will have to be bought in every year. The production of hybrid varieties in rye and other self-sterile plants requires three steps: (1) Development of inbred lines in the different original populations; (2) test cross matings between the inbred lines; (3) production of the hybrid variety for the market by way of targeted pollination. 

Plant nutrients are the chemical elements that are essential to the nourishment of plant health. Plant nutrients fall into three categories, all of which are based on the amount a plant needs, not the importance of the individual elements. Each plant nutrient performs a crucial role in plant growth and development. The three categories of plant nutrients are primary nutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients. Soil science deals with soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils per se; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils. Sometimes terms which refer to branches of soil science, such as pedology (formation, chemistry, morphology and classification of soil) and edaphology (influence of soil on plants), are used as if synonymous with soil science.

Plant genetic engineering allows the direct transfer of one or just a few genes of interest, between either closely or distantly related organisms to obtain the desired agronomic trait. Till date, commercial GM crops have delivered benefits in crop production, but there are also a number of products in the pipeline which will make more direct contributions to food quality, environmental benefits, pharmaceutical production, and non-food crops. 

A common approach to understanding the functional repertoire of a genome is through functional genomics. With systems biology burgeoning, bioinformatics has grown to a larger extent for plant genomes where several applications in the form of protein-protein interactions (PPI) are used to predict the function of proteins. With plant genes evolutionarily conserved, the science of bioinformatics in agriculture has caught interest with myriad of applications taken from bench side to in silico studies. A multitude of technologies in the form of gene analysis, biochemical pathways and molecular techniques have been exploited to an extent that they consume less time and have been cost-effective to use. 

Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Organic farming continues to be developed by various organic agriculture organizations today. It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged. In general, organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances.