Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by the infectious microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes, Ascomycetes and parasitic plants. These are called plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology is the study of disease in plant populations. 

Crop science is concerned with selection and improvement of crops. It includes research and development on production techniques, improving agriculture productivity, minimizing the effects of pest, planting, maintenance, protection, harvesting and storage aspects of post-harvest, soil fertility, pest management. Soil fertility is Ability of soil to provide all essential plant nutrients in available forms and in a suitable balance,it support luxuriant growth of plants with very little human effort.It conatins sufficient minerals, soil organic matter, good soil structure and soil moisture retention.Soil fertility is of two types permanent and temporary fertility.

Humans are depended on plants or crops for food, fibber and more recently for fuel. Crop production is deals with growing crops for use as food, fiber and other use and Crop productivity is the quantitative measure of crop yield in given measured area of field. The use of new crop varieties and the efficient application of agrochemicals, immensely contributed to increased plant productivity Demand of crop production is rising because of increasing population. So the market value of crop is also increasing day by day. 

Agricultural biotechnology is a specific area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines, and tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plant, animal and microorganism. Agricultural biotechnology is majorly used to alter the genome sequence of crops and those crops can be termed as transgenic or genetically modified crops. This helps to increase crop yield and good food quality. The agricultural biotechnology market has been classified based on applications into transgenic crops and synthetic biology-enabled products and tools. Agricultural biotechnology comprises Agriculture genetics and breeding, Agronomy , Agricultural Extension, Agricultural engineering and technology, Agricultural risk management, Modelling tools in agricultural DSS (Decision Support System).

Medicinal plant has the ability to synthesis wide variety of chemical which are used to produce natural medicine. At least 12,000 such chemical compounds are isolated from medicinal plants. Among them 122 compounds are used in modern medicine, which were derived from the medicinal plant sources. There are also some medicinal fungi or medicinal mushrooms which produce medically important chemicals like antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, cholesterol inhibitors, psychotropic drugs, immunosuppressant and even fungicides also.

Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and environments, the interactions of organisms with one another.  Plant ecology is the study of plant ecosystem, from plant ecology we can study the distribution and abundance of plants, the interactions among and between plants and other organisms and the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants. Agro-biodiversity is a part of plant biodiversity which is the result of natural selection processes and the careful selection and inventive developments of farmers, herders and fishers over millennia. 

Plant Genetics basically deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among plant. Although there has been a revolution in the biological sciences in the past twenty years, there is still a great deal that remains to be discovered. The completion of the sequencing of the genomes of rice and some agriculturally and scientifically important plants (for example Physcomitrella patens) has increased the possibilities of plant genetic research immeasurably. Molecular biology is the study of biology and cell at a molecular level. It concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, protein structure and learning how these interactions are regulated.

Biotechnology is the technical application to modify any organism by addition or deletion of genes and to make improved and modified organism. There are various modern techniques to develop genetically modify plants, genetically engineered crops. By rDNA technology we can produce a recombinant DNA and insert it in to a vector thus genetically modified crops are produced. Epigenetics is the interchanging between the heredity and the environment through molecular mechanisms (DNA methylation, gene silencing, fluorescent in situ hybridization). Plant Molecular farming is a part of the plant biotechnology industry that involves the process of genetically engineering plants so that they can produce various types of therapeutic proteins and molecules such as peptides and secondary metabolites. These genetically modified proteins and molecules can then be harvested and used to produce pharmaceuticals.

Phytochemicals are plant derived chemical compounds. Antioxidants, Primary and secondary metabolite, atropine, and some antibiotics derived from plant, all are phytochemicals. There are thousands of phytochemicals are found in vegetables, fruits, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds.  Basically they don’t have any nutrition value for human beings but they have some other properties like antibacterial properties, hormonal and enzymatic properties and antioxidant effect. Antioxidants also prevent the free radical damage in cancer and other heart disease. Plant basically produces these chemicals for protect them from any microbial infection. There is a lot of use of phytochemicals in human life. Example of some phytochemicals are  Alkaloids, Monoterpenes, Anthocyanin, Organosulfides, Carotenoids, Coumestans, Flavonoids, Hydroxycinnamic acid, Isoflavones, Lignin, Monophenols, Phenolic acid, Phytosterols, Saponins, Stylbenes, Triterpenoids and Xanthophylls.

The term mycology and phycology both are derived from Greek word “mykes” and “phykos” accordingly. Mycology basically deals with the study of fungi and phycology is the study of algae.The fungi and algae both play an important role in ecosystem.

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